Definition and Examples of Linguistic Mutation

In linguistics, mutation is a change in a vowel sound caused by a sound in the following syllable. As discussed below, the most significant form of mutation in the history of English was the i-mutation (also known as front mutation). This system of changes occurred before the appearance of written Old English (probably in the sixth century) and no longer plays an important role in modern English. In English, the results of i-mutation can be seen in: (a) the plurals of seven nouns ( foot, goose, louse, man, mouse, tooth, woman) which are sometimes called mutation plurals(b) the comparative and superlative elder, eldest(c) derivative verbs such as bleed (beside blood), fill (beside full), heal (beside whole), etc.(d) derivative nouns such as breadth (beside broad), length (beside long), filth (beside foul), etc. This cannot be considered to have a live functional role in modern English, however. (Sylvia Chalker and Edmund Weiner, Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1994) Less clearly to be counted as examples of mutation might be the noun-verb conversion pairs of English that involve a stress shift: pro ÃŒ duceN ~ produ ÃŒ ceV; pe ÃŒ rmitN ~ perm ÃŒ Ã„ ±tVV; etc. . . . Are these to be treated as items involving substitution of segments or features? (G. E. Booij, Christian Lehmann, and Joachim Mugdan, Morphologie/Morphology: Ein Internationales Handbuch. Walter de Gruyter, 2000) Plurals Formed by Mutation In a few nouns, the plural is formed by mutation (a change in the vowel): man/menfoot/feetmouse/micewoman/womengoose/geeselouse/licetooth/teeth Children, the plural of child, combines a vowel change and the irregular ending -en (a survival of an Old English plural inflection). A similar combination appears in brethren, a specialized plural of brother. The older plural ending is found without vowel change in ox/oxen. In American English there are also variant plurals of ox: oxes and the unchanged form ox. (Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford   University Press, 1996) What Is I-Mutation? Early in the history of English a rule called i-Mutation (or i-Umlaut) existed that turned back vowels into front vowels when an /i/ or /j/ followed in the next syllable. For example in a certain class of nouns in the ancestor of Old English, the plural was formed not by adding -s but by adding -i. Thus the plural of /gos/ goose was /gosi/ geese. . . . [T]he i-Mutation is an example of a rule that was once present in Old English but has since dropped out of the language, and thanks to the Great Vowel Shift even the effects of i-Mutation have been altered.  (Adrian Akmajian, Richard A. Demers, Ann K. Farmer, and Robert M. Harnish, Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, 5th ed. MIT Press, 2001)In prehistoric Old English a number of combinative sound changes took place. One with far-reaching effects was front mutation or i-umlaut (also known as i-mutation). This was a series of changes to vowels which took place when there was an i, Ä « or j in the following syll able. Subsequently, the i, Ä « or j disappeared, or changed to e, but its original presence can be established by examining the cognate words in other languages. For example, front mutation accounts for the difference in vowel between the related words dole and deal. In Old English they are dÄ l portion and dÇ £lan to divide, distribute, in which the Ç £ is due to front mutation; this is clear if we look at the cognate Gothic words, which are dails and dailjan (note that the sound spelt ai in the Gothic words regularly becomes Ä  in Old English before front mutation takes place; the i in these spellings could not cause front mutation itself). . . The change from Ä  to Ç £ was a movement to a closer and more frontal vowel, and this is the general direction of the changes caused by front mutation: it was obviously a kind of assimilation, the affected vowels being moved to a place of articulation nearer to that of the following vowel or j. Thus Ã… « became fronted to y, a cha nge which accounts for the different vowels of mouse and mice, which have developed regularly from OE mÃ… «s, mys; the original plural form was *mÃ… «siz, but the i caused the Ã… « to change to y; then the ending *-iz was lost, giving the OE plural mys.Similarly, front mutation changed short u to y; this change is reflected in the different vowels of full and fill, which in Old English are full and fyllan (from earlier *fulljan). (Charles Barber, Joan Beal, and Philip Shaw, The English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2009)I-mutation, which caused stem vowel alternation in the word classes substantive and adjective, affected verbs, too. In OE strong verbs, the second and third person singular indicative present was not only marked by special endings but also by i-mutation of the stem vowel, e.g. ic helpe, à ¾u hilpst, he hilpà ¾; ic weorpe, à ¾u wierpst, he wierpà ¾; ic fare, à ¾u faerst, he faerà ¾ . . .. This stem alternation was given up in ME. (Lilo Moessner, Diachronic English Linguistics: An Introduction. Gunter Narr Verlag, 2003)

The Impact of Divorce on Children Essay - 806 Words

In the United States today, we live in a society that has perhaps one of the highest rates of divorce amongst all other industrial nations at a rate averaging around 40 to 50 percent. Of that staggering rate of divorce, 60 percent of those involve children. Because of this, more than one million children go through their parents’ divorce each year. Now, during this time of divorce a great focus seems to be drawn between the adults, but at what point should we wonder about the children? What changes and potential consequences are thrust upon the child forced to go through what might be considered an extremely demanding ordeal such as his/her parents’ divorce. I will tackle this topic with the assistance of various resources that have†¦show more content†¦The trauma and distress of children going through divorce is often produced from overwhelming senses of vulnerability as the family seemingly collapses, grief at the loss of what felt like an intact family as well as at the loss of the non-custodial parent, and even a strong sense of powerlessness to being unable to prevent the divorce from happening. The simple act of divorce alone can be a very stressful event for any child. As such, the looming realization that things will be different, yet not knowing how, often plays to the fears of the child. Divorce for a child can often lead to reduced contact with the non-custodial parent (often the father), lower standards of living, moving from one home to another, changing schools, having more responsibility thrust upon them, or even the potential for the custodial parent to be less psychologically or physically available for the child when they need them. All of these are environmental forces that can lead to an overwhelming amount of stress for any child, leaving them in a negative position and making it harder for them to cope and adjust to the divorce. Often times children can’t mentally cope with the divorce, either. With children being as egocentric as they are, it is impossible for a child to look at the conflict between their parents indifferently. Many children are stu ck with a sense that they are the reason for theirShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Divorce on Children1482 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Divorce on Children Emily Grandy Abstract The discussion entitled The Impact of Divorce on Children takes an in-depth look at the impact divorce has on children academics. Research has shown that children that have experienced divorce amongst their parents are two times as likely to repeat a grade level. In addition research has discovered children of divorced parents are five times as likely to be expelled or suspended from the school system. College students in research surveysRead MoreThe Impact Of Children On Children With Divorce1115 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter understanding of my topic, and how to answer my question. 1.5 million children deal with divorce every year. Researchers have found that only a relatively small percentage of children experience severe problems in the wake of divorce. Also, they have found that most children, after the initial blow of divorce, only suffer for a short period of time. Many children experience short-term negative effects from divorce. For example some of the effects include: an xiety, anger, shock and disbeliefRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Divorce on Children1446 Words   |  6 PagesDivorce, once unheard of among most people, is now a commonplace occurrence in families when the adults have decided that they can no longer work out their differences. Unfortunately, divorce tends to have a negative impact on the children in the family, particularly affecting children who already have psychological or emotional difficulties, such as ADHD (Patten, 1999). Problems that arise in children of divorce run the gamut from behavioral problems to later relationship/trust issues. 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Individual The individual in this context is the child that is affected by the divorce of their parents. Studies show that divorce can affect a child’s social skills (KimRead MoreThe Impact Of Divorce On Children S Emotion844 Words   |  4 Pages Running head: THE IMPACT OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN’S EMOTION The Impact of Divorce on Children Emotion Lateefah Abiri Houston community College (Alief) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research paper is made actualized through the support from everyone that include my family, teacher, classmates, HCCS-Alief Library staff and the hardworking men and women that devote their time to changing mankind through research and dissemination. Especially, please allow me to dedicateRead MoreDivorce and Its Impact on Cpuples and Children Essay932 Words   |  4 Pages The term divorce is a legal term that denotes the separation of two individuals in a legal manner that was once connected to each other as a result of marriage. Divorce can be a lifetime separation between couples and can even be a limited time separation between couples. Recently, the world has witnessed a surge in the number of divorces taking place and the occurrence of this event is even at its peak in the United States. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported during the periodRead MoreThe Impact of Divorce on Young Children and Adolescents Essay3826 Words   |  16 Pages For the past decades, divorce has been increasing dramatically throughout the United States; it is a common issue in this society. Approximately one million children experience divorce or parental separation every year(Shinoda, Kevin Seiji, 2001, La Mirada, pg. 9). Acco rding the 2000 census data, about 28% of divorce or separated parents, have at least one children who is under age of 6(Kim Leon Jul., 2003 pg. 258). Also, slightly more than half of all divorced children are under the age of 18Read MoreThe Impact of Divorce on Children and Family Dynamics Essays2068 Words   |  9 Pagestwo decades divorce has increased substantially leaving couples single and families broken. Divorce is the reality for many families as there is an increase in divorce rates, cohabitation rates, and the number of children raised in step and single marital families. Divorce cannot be overlooked as it negatively affects and impacts youngsters for the rest of their lives. Although it is the decision between two parents’s children are hurt the most in the process. The concept of divorce is extremelyRead MoreHow Divorce Impacts Children Under the Age of 182153 Words   |  9 PagesHow Divorce Impacts Children Under the Age of 18 F. Jeanpierre Psychology Abstract In this research you will see how divorce impacts children under the age of 18.   The effects are not universal. Divorce affects children differently based on their age, personality and sexuality. Divorce affects children both mentally and physically. In this research, you will see how divorce can impact children immediately as well as post divorce. I will start with  infants,  preschool age children, school-aged

Myth of sisyphus Essay Example For Students

Myth of sisyphus Essay How was the text borrowed from other texts, and with what effects? How has he borrowed from other texts and to what effects? Introduction: Thesis: Campus has borrowed philosophical ideas from other writers which has influenced his interpretation for the existence of an individual mostly described within his works with The Myth of Sisyphus as well as his other well known novels. Prominent in Europe in the 19th and 20th century Existentialism is defined by the slogan Existence precedes Essence. This meaner: We have no predetermined nature or essence that controls what we are, what we do, or hat is valuable for us. We are radically free to act independently of determination by outside influences. We create our own human nature through these free choices. We also create our values through these choices. Paragraph 1: Transition statement: These prominent ideas have been analyzed in various texts to specifically Justify a philosophers interpretation for the life of an individual. This particular theme can be seen Through the comparison between Myth of Sisyphus and Dostoevsky works. Though they both believe in the existence of an individual that the society rejects and hat is the existentialist, there are many other instances which makes these two philosophers unique from one another. The Possessed (sometimes translated as The Devils). KRILL Campus says that this suicide, however, is not an act of despair, but a creative act in which Krill hopes, in a sense, to become God. His suicide is essentially an attempt to sacrifice himself and to show the world the absurd freedom that we all have, so that those that follow him might be able to live more freely. Though Dostoevsky wrestled with absurd themes, he ultimately placed his faith in God. In this sense, Campus concludes, he is more of an existentialist than an absurdist. Campus was able to Justify his thinking of suicide and his strong held belief in a life without a god. Paragraph 2: Transition Statement: Focusing on the ideas of faith and the genuine happiness gained from acceptance of it, The Myth of Sisyphus explores it with connection to the story of Oedipus. In accepting their fate, Sisyphus and Oedipus have abandoned hope, and so their fate does not seem horrible to them. On the contrary, they have finally found the only genuine happiness. Oedipus becomes a tragic figure only when he becomes aware that he has killed his father and married his mother. He also remarks that both Sisyphus and Oedipus are ultimately happy, that they conclude that all is well. Sisyphus: He knows that he will struggle forever and he knows that this struggle will get him nowhere. This awareness is precisely the same awareness that an absurd man has in this life. The above point also relates to Oedipus where he knows that being acceptable for his his situations and faith, his point of view for society will change and will learn to decide his own faith. Redeem of choice- being able understand that only you control your own life. Campus identifies Sisyphus as the archetypal absurd hero, both for his behavior on earth and for his punishment in the underworld. He displays scorn for the gods, a hatred of death, and a passion for life. Going against Dostoevsky ideas on faith and religion Paragraph 3: Transition Statement: The futility of ones life is an evident theme in Homers and Camass interpretation for The Myth of Sisyphus. Both homer and Campus address the futility of Sisyphus labor. Futile punishment dead to their unnecessary and extreme punishment Campus also emphasizes this idea in his interpretation for the myth of Sisyphus. Working as a highwayman, Sisyphu s had been condemned to a punishments for his immoral acts. .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b , .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .postImageUrl , .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b , .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b:hover , .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b:visited , .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b:active { border:0!important; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b:active , .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis EssayHe was punished for the letting out the secret of a misdeed that was done by the Greek god Jupiter. Jupiter wrongdoings for abducting Ageing was of less concern than Sisyphus act of telling; hence, Sisyphus was punishment with a futile labor of rolling a rock up a hill. The futility of this punishment is that the rock will eventually roll down and Sisyphus would have to start again. These events show the absurdist of the society through the extremes present in both the texts. This very idea has influenced Camass writing and has been evident in his novel The outsider In the novel The Outsider , Muralist is punished for his unmindful murder of an Arab; however, society does not seem to punish him for that. Due to his reticent and emotionless personality, Muralist is rather punished for his supposedly inhumane reaction towards the death of his own mother. Most of the witnesses had not been there during the murder at all. They were all present only during the funeral and could only talk about that particular event. Due to the high emphasis on his mothers death, Muralist was given a death penalty as the society rejected his individualism. This tells us the absurdity of their punishment as they were both completely unjust. They both are happy at the end and accept their fates. Conclusion: Through the different philosophical ideas present in the above texts, we see how writers have mold deed Camass thinking which are evident in his works of literature. Sisyphus: He displays scorn for the gods, a hatred of death, and a passion for life. Dostoevsky and Campus show contrast in their manner of thinking about individualism. Being Russians- from religious; French- didnt matter. Dostoevsky ultimately concludes that we cannot live without faith, while Campus believes that we can. Muralist abhorrent towards anyone who tries to change his views on god- Muralist agitated but remains and stands strong for his point of view even though society punches him with it to the ground. Overall, most of the philosophical ideas of Campus are present within in works of literature are influenced by the great writers of philosophy in the 19th and 20th century.

Benjamin Franklin Essay For Scholarship Example For Students

Benjamin Franklin Essay For Scholarship Franklin is undoubtedly one of the most influential figures in American history. The numerous advancements contributed by Franklin were made possible by a lot ofwork on his part. His outlook is best represented by his famous quote, Dostthou love life? Then do not squander time, for that is the stuff life is madeof. Franklin did not sway from that philosophy, and spent little time atleisure, as it was not productive. Franklins work ethic, moral outlook, andconstant interest in self-improvement throughout his life are his biggest claimsto fame. Franklins strict adherence to his thirteen virtues-which he createdin his pursuit of moral perfection-is responsible for many of his countlesscontributions to the colonies. Very important to Franklins life, was thelittle book he carried on his person at all times. In this book, he charted on aday to day basis, which virtues he had not obeyed, and marked a check for eachmistake. Franklin set aside one week per virtue, and ordered his virtues suchthat whenever perfection in a virtue was attained, it would make achieving thefol lowing virtue easier. Franklin found that he had much to improve upon. Another ingredient to Franklins recipe for greatness was his daily schedule. Franklin divided his day up by the hour and knew what he was to be doing at alltimes. This he found difficult at times, and involving the virtue Order, at onetime he almost gave up. In one of Franklins few pessimistic moments, he isquoted as saying, This article (order) therefore cost me so much painfulattention, and my faults in it vexed me so muchthat I was almost ready togive up the attempt and content myself with a faulty character in thatrespect. An amusing anecdote about a man who concludes that a speckled axeis best follows, and in looking back on his life, Franklin demonstrates hismastery of the thirteenth virtue, Humility. Even before he set his thirteenvirtues to writing, Franklin could be seen demonstrating many of them. In oneinstance involving his friend Collins, Franklin demonstrates Resolution,Justice, and Sincerity. During a voyage, Collins refuses to row, and Franklinresolves to perform what he must. An argument ensued, and Franklin, knowing thatCollins was a good sw immer, decided the only course of action would be to throwhim overboard. He was in a clear state of mind the whole time, and didabsolutely nothing that he would regret later on. Temperance was also a virtuethat Franklin had practiced his entire life. He was never a heavy drinker, andalways ate in moderation. Franklin prided himself on being an excellent debater,and while creating his virtues, he added Silence as a guide to others explainingone reason he was such an excellent crafter of argument. 2. Silence- Speaknot but what may benefit others or yourself. Avoid trifling conversation. Franklin means for others not to get caught up in petty squabbles, but rather tospeak only to that which is important, and when doing so, only to benefit theother party. When you mix the Silence virtue with the Sincerity virtue, whichFranklin is quoted as meaning Use no harmful deceit. Think innocently andjustly; and, if you speak, speak accordingly. you will become well respected,and a very powerful arguer. Franklin himself was both, and through trials,tribulations, and experience, sets forth these very useful tools of debate. Thetwo virtues that Franklin was exceptionally good at were Industry and Frugality. 6. Industry- Lose not time. Be always employed in something useful. Cut offall unnecessary actions. There was not one time after his childhood duringwhich Franklin was not employed, or at the very least, seeking work. The littleleisure time Franklin allowed himself was spent in the pursuit ofself-education, by reading books or engaging in conversation or argument with afriend. During most of his life he held down many jobs throughout the city, andhad other money coming in from the numerous print shops he had gone intopartnership and paid the overhead costs for. 5. Frugality- Make no expencebut to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing. Most of the moneyFranklin spent went to improving his business or buying a few books, which wasthe only leisure he allowed himself. However, even Franklin himself mademistakes, an example being an excursion with his friend Ralph, to London. He wassent by the governor with the promise of enough money to set up his own printingpress. Unfortun ately for Franklin, the governor backed out of his end of thedeal. He eventually found work, but worked himself into a debt spending money onseeing plays, and dining with his greedy friend. They eventually separated onless than good terms, and Franklin never saw the money Ralph owed him. .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 , .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .postImageUrl , .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 , .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343:hover , .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343:visited , .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343:active { border:0!important; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343:active , .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Medivial Christianity EssayFranklins view on the situations is as follows, and by the loss of hisfriendship, I found myself relieved from a heavy burden. While the precedingstatement may seem harsh, Franklin is very much justified in saying it, andaccurately demonstrates the economical worth he placed on everything heencountered. In conclusion, Franklins life was shaped by these thirteenvirtues, and he rarely swayed from the moral path they lit. There is no singlevirtue that can be selected, and thought of as less important than the rest. Thefame and fortune of such a man as Franklin, who followed these thirteenguidelines in his journey to become a morally perfect man, is proof enough thathis system worked, and still would work today. However, Franklins virtues,which he claimed were necessary or desirable, were set by him and for him. An individual must choose the path down which they wish to trod, and follow itwithout hesitation. Franklins virtues can be appreciated and respected, buthow realistically, in todays society, can they all possibly be attained?Biographies