Definition and Examples of Linguistic Mutation

In linguistics, mutation is a change in a vowel sound caused by a sound in the following syllable. As discussed below, the most significant form of mutation in the history of English was the i-mutation (also known as front mutation). This system of changes occurred before the appearance of written Old English (probably in the sixth century) and no longer plays an important role in modern English. In English, the results of i-mutation can be seen in: (a) the plurals of seven nouns ( foot, goose, louse, man, mouse, tooth, woman) which are sometimes called mutation plurals(b) the comparative and superlative elder, eldest(c) derivative verbs such as bleed (beside blood), fill (beside full), heal (beside whole), etc.(d) derivative nouns such as breadth (beside broad), length (beside long), filth (beside foul), etc. This cannot be considered to have a live functional role in modern English, however. (Sylvia Chalker and Edmund Weiner, Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1994) Less clearly to be counted as examples of mutation might be the noun-verb conversion pairs of English that involve a stress shift: pro ÃŒ duceN ~ produ ÃŒ ceV; pe ÃŒ rmitN ~ perm ÃŒ Ã„ ±tVV; etc. . . . Are these to be treated as items involving substitution of segments or features? (G. E. Booij, Christian Lehmann, and Joachim Mugdan, Morphologie/Morphology: Ein Internationales Handbuch. Walter de Gruyter, 2000) Plurals Formed by Mutation In a few nouns, the plural is formed by mutation (a change in the vowel): man/menfoot/feetmouse/micewoman/womengoose/geeselouse/licetooth/teeth Children, the plural of child, combines a vowel change and the irregular ending -en (a survival of an Old English plural inflection). A similar combination appears in brethren, a specialized plural of brother. The older plural ending is found without vowel change in ox/oxen. In American English there are also variant plurals of ox: oxes and the unchanged form ox. (Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford   University Press, 1996) What Is I-Mutation? Early in the history of English a rule called i-Mutation (or i-Umlaut) existed that turned back vowels into front vowels when an /i/ or /j/ followed in the next syllable. For example in a certain class of nouns in the ancestor of Old English, the plural was formed not by adding -s but by adding -i. Thus the plural of /gos/ goose was /gosi/ geese. . . . [T]he i-Mutation is an example of a rule that was once present in Old English but has since dropped out of the language, and thanks to the Great Vowel Shift even the effects of i-Mutation have been altered.  (Adrian Akmajian, Richard A. Demers, Ann K. Farmer, and Robert M. Harnish, Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication, 5th ed. MIT Press, 2001)In prehistoric Old English a number of combinative sound changes took place. One with far-reaching effects was front mutation or i-umlaut (also known as i-mutation). This was a series of changes to vowels which took place when there was an i, Ä « or j in the following syll able. Subsequently, the i, Ä « or j disappeared, or changed to e, but its original presence can be established by examining the cognate words in other languages. For example, front mutation accounts for the difference in vowel between the related words dole and deal. In Old English they are dÄ l portion and dÇ £lan to divide, distribute, in which the Ç £ is due to front mutation; this is clear if we look at the cognate Gothic words, which are dails and dailjan (note that the sound spelt ai in the Gothic words regularly becomes Ä  in Old English before front mutation takes place; the i in these spellings could not cause front mutation itself). . . The change from Ä  to Ç £ was a movement to a closer and more frontal vowel, and this is the general direction of the changes caused by front mutation: it was obviously a kind of assimilation, the affected vowels being moved to a place of articulation nearer to that of the following vowel or j. Thus Ã… « became fronted to y, a cha nge which accounts for the different vowels of mouse and mice, which have developed regularly from OE mÃ… «s, mys; the original plural form was *mÃ… «siz, but the i caused the Ã… « to change to y; then the ending *-iz was lost, giving the OE plural mys.Similarly, front mutation changed short u to y; this change is reflected in the different vowels of full and fill, which in Old English are full and fyllan (from earlier *fulljan). (Charles Barber, Joan Beal, and Philip Shaw, The English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2009)I-mutation, which caused stem vowel alternation in the word classes substantive and adjective, affected verbs, too. In OE strong verbs, the second and third person singular indicative present was not only marked by special endings but also by i-mutation of the stem vowel, e.g. ic helpe, à ¾u hilpst, he hilpà ¾; ic weorpe, à ¾u wierpst, he wierpà ¾; ic fare, à ¾u faerst, he faerà ¾ . . .. This stem alternation was given up in ME. (Lilo Moessner, Diachronic English Linguistics: An Introduction. Gunter Narr Verlag, 2003)

The Impact of Divorce on Children Essay - 806 Words

In the United States today, we live in a society that has perhaps one of the highest rates of divorce amongst all other industrial nations at a rate averaging around 40 to 50 percent. Of that staggering rate of divorce, 60 percent of those involve children. Because of this, more than one million children go through their parents’ divorce each year. Now, during this time of divorce a great focus seems to be drawn between the adults, but at what point should we wonder about the children? What changes and potential consequences are thrust upon the child forced to go through what might be considered an extremely demanding ordeal such as his/her parents’ divorce. I will tackle this topic with the assistance of various resources that have†¦show more content†¦The trauma and distress of children going through divorce is often produced from overwhelming senses of vulnerability as the family seemingly collapses, grief at the loss of what felt like an intact family as well as at the loss of the non-custodial parent, and even a strong sense of powerlessness to being unable to prevent the divorce from happening. The simple act of divorce alone can be a very stressful event for any child. As such, the looming realization that things will be different, yet not knowing how, often plays to the fears of the child. Divorce for a child can often lead to reduced contact with the non-custodial parent (often the father), lower standards of living, moving from one home to another, changing schools, having more responsibility thrust upon them, or even the potential for the custodial parent to be less psychologically or physically available for the child when they need them. All of these are environmental forces that can lead to an overwhelming amount of stress for any child, leaving them in a negative position and making it harder for them to cope and adjust to the divorce. Often times children can’t mentally cope with the divorce, either. With children being as egocentric as they are, it is impossible for a child to look at the conflict between their parents indifferently. Many children are stu ck with a sense that they are the reason for theirShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Divorce on Children1482 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Divorce on Children Emily Grandy Abstract The discussion entitled The Impact of Divorce on Children takes an in-depth look at the impact divorce has on children academics. Research has shown that children that have experienced divorce amongst their parents are two times as likely to repeat a grade level. In addition research has discovered children of divorced parents are five times as likely to be expelled or suspended from the school system. College students in research surveysRead MoreThe Impact Of Children On Children With Divorce1115 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter understanding of my topic, and how to answer my question. 1.5 million children deal with divorce every year. Researchers have found that only a relatively small percentage of children experience severe problems in the wake of divorce. Also, they have found that most children, after the initial blow of divorce, only suffer for a short period of time. Many children experience short-term negative effects from divorce. For example some of the effects include: an xiety, anger, shock and disbeliefRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Divorce on Children1446 Words   |  6 PagesDivorce, once unheard of among most people, is now a commonplace occurrence in families when the adults have decided that they can no longer work out their differences. Unfortunately, divorce tends to have a negative impact on the children in the family, particularly affecting children who already have psychological or emotional difficulties, such as ADHD (Patten, 1999). Problems that arise in children of divorce run the gamut from behavioral problems to later relationship/trust issues. ChildrenRead MoreThe Impact Of Divorce On Children And Adolescents3582 Words   |  15 PagesImpact of Divorce on Children and Adolescents Yauheni Silitski Georgia Gwinnett College Stephan Desrochers Abstract In the following paper, the various consequential effects of divorce upon children and adolescents and their development will be examined. The main purpose of this review is to determine the effects of the effects of the growing epidemic of divorce, what is happening to our children when they confront the reality ofRead MoreEssay about The Impact of Divorce on Children1401 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Divorce on Children Divorce is the dissolution of a marriage that affects numerous people around the world. Divorce can be a heartbreaking process that affects not just the couple but their children also. I am going to be comparing the impact of divorce on children in context to Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory. Individual The individual in this context is the child that is affected by the divorce of their parents. Studies show that divorce can affect a child’s social skills (KimRead MoreThe Impact Of Divorce On Children S Emotion844 Words   |  4 Pages Running head: THE IMPACT OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN’S EMOTION The Impact of Divorce on Children Emotion Lateefah Abiri Houston community College (Alief) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research paper is made actualized through the support from everyone that include my family, teacher, classmates, HCCS-Alief Library staff and the hardworking men and women that devote their time to changing mankind through research and dissemination. Especially, please allow me to dedicateRead MoreDivorce and Its Impact on Cpuples and Children Essay932 Words   |  4 Pages The term divorce is a legal term that denotes the separation of two individuals in a legal manner that was once connected to each other as a result of marriage. Divorce can be a lifetime separation between couples and can even be a limited time separation between couples. Recently, the world has witnessed a surge in the number of divorces taking place and the occurrence of this event is even at its peak in the United States. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported during the periodRead MoreThe Impact of Divorce on Young Children and Adolescents Essay3826 Words   |  16 Pages For the past decades, divorce has been increasing dramatically throughout the United States; it is a common issue in this society. Approximately one million children experience divorce or parental separation every year(Shinoda, Kevin Seiji, 2001, La Mirada, pg. 9). Acco rding the 2000 census data, about 28% of divorce or separated parents, have at least one children who is under age of 6(Kim Leon Jul., 2003 pg. 258). Also, slightly more than half of all divorced children are under the age of 18Read MoreThe Impact of Divorce on Children and Family Dynamics Essays2068 Words   |  9 Pagestwo decades divorce has increased substantially leaving couples single and families broken. Divorce is the reality for many families as there is an increase in divorce rates, cohabitation rates, and the number of children raised in step and single marital families. Divorce cannot be overlooked as it negatively affects and impacts youngsters for the rest of their lives. Although it is the decision between two parents’s children are hurt the most in the process. The concept of divorce is extremelyRead MoreHow Divorce Impacts Children Under the Age of 182153 Words   |  9 PagesHow Divorce Impacts Children Under the Age of 18 F. Jeanpierre Psychology Abstract In this research you will see how divorce impacts children under the age of 18.   The effects are not universal. Divorce affects children differently based on their age, personality and sexuality. Divorce affects children both mentally and physically. In this research, you will see how divorce can impact children immediately as well as post divorce. I will start with  infants,  preschool age children, school-aged

Myth of sisyphus Essay Example For Students

Myth of sisyphus Essay How was the text borrowed from other texts, and with what effects? How has he borrowed from other texts and to what effects? Introduction: Thesis: Campus has borrowed philosophical ideas from other writers which has influenced his interpretation for the existence of an individual mostly described within his works with The Myth of Sisyphus as well as his other well known novels. Prominent in Europe in the 19th and 20th century Existentialism is defined by the slogan Existence precedes Essence. This meaner: We have no predetermined nature or essence that controls what we are, what we do, or hat is valuable for us. We are radically free to act independently of determination by outside influences. We create our own human nature through these free choices. We also create our values through these choices. Paragraph 1: Transition statement: These prominent ideas have been analyzed in various texts to specifically Justify a philosophers interpretation for the life of an individual. This particular theme can be seen Through the comparison between Myth of Sisyphus and Dostoevsky works. Though they both believe in the existence of an individual that the society rejects and hat is the existentialist, there are many other instances which makes these two philosophers unique from one another. The Possessed (sometimes translated as The Devils). KRILL Campus says that this suicide, however, is not an act of despair, but a creative act in which Krill hopes, in a sense, to become God. His suicide is essentially an attempt to sacrifice himself and to show the world the absurd freedom that we all have, so that those that follow him might be able to live more freely. Though Dostoevsky wrestled with absurd themes, he ultimately placed his faith in God. In this sense, Campus concludes, he is more of an existentialist than an absurdist. Campus was able to Justify his thinking of suicide and his strong held belief in a life without a god. Paragraph 2: Transition Statement: Focusing on the ideas of faith and the genuine happiness gained from acceptance of it, The Myth of Sisyphus explores it with connection to the story of Oedipus. In accepting their fate, Sisyphus and Oedipus have abandoned hope, and so their fate does not seem horrible to them. On the contrary, they have finally found the only genuine happiness. Oedipus becomes a tragic figure only when he becomes aware that he has killed his father and married his mother. He also remarks that both Sisyphus and Oedipus are ultimately happy, that they conclude that all is well. Sisyphus: He knows that he will struggle forever and he knows that this struggle will get him nowhere. This awareness is precisely the same awareness that an absurd man has in this life. The above point also relates to Oedipus where he knows that being acceptable for his his situations and faith, his point of view for society will change and will learn to decide his own faith. Redeem of choice- being able understand that only you control your own life. Campus identifies Sisyphus as the archetypal absurd hero, both for his behavior on earth and for his punishment in the underworld. He displays scorn for the gods, a hatred of death, and a passion for life. Going against Dostoevsky ideas on faith and religion Paragraph 3: Transition Statement: The futility of ones life is an evident theme in Homers and Camass interpretation for The Myth of Sisyphus. Both homer and Campus address the futility of Sisyphus labor. Futile punishment dead to their unnecessary and extreme punishment Campus also emphasizes this idea in his interpretation for the myth of Sisyphus. Working as a highwayman, Sisyphu s had been condemned to a punishments for his immoral acts. .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b , .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .postImageUrl , .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b , .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b:hover , .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b:visited , .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b:active { border:0!important; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b:active , .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u109a29c0c8681182c76d47909801029b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arrowsmith by Sinclair Lewis EssayHe was punished for the letting out the secret of a misdeed that was done by the Greek god Jupiter. Jupiter wrongdoings for abducting Ageing was of less concern than Sisyphus act of telling; hence, Sisyphus was punishment with a futile labor of rolling a rock up a hill. The futility of this punishment is that the rock will eventually roll down and Sisyphus would have to start again. These events show the absurdist of the society through the extremes present in both the texts. This very idea has influenced Camass writing and has been evident in his novel The outsider In the novel The Outsider , Muralist is punished for his unmindful murder of an Arab; however, society does not seem to punish him for that. Due to his reticent and emotionless personality, Muralist is rather punished for his supposedly inhumane reaction towards the death of his own mother. Most of the witnesses had not been there during the murder at all. They were all present only during the funeral and could only talk about that particular event. Due to the high emphasis on his mothers death, Muralist was given a death penalty as the society rejected his individualism. This tells us the absurdity of their punishment as they were both completely unjust. They both are happy at the end and accept their fates. Conclusion: Through the different philosophical ideas present in the above texts, we see how writers have mold deed Camass thinking which are evident in his works of literature. Sisyphus: He displays scorn for the gods, a hatred of death, and a passion for life. Dostoevsky and Campus show contrast in their manner of thinking about individualism. Being Russians- from religious; French- didnt matter. Dostoevsky ultimately concludes that we cannot live without faith, while Campus believes that we can. Muralist abhorrent towards anyone who tries to change his views on god- Muralist agitated but remains and stands strong for his point of view even though society punches him with it to the ground. Overall, most of the philosophical ideas of Campus are present within in works of literature are influenced by the great writers of philosophy in the 19th and 20th century.

Benjamin Franklin Essay For Scholarship Example For Students

Benjamin Franklin Essay For Scholarship Franklin is undoubtedly one of the most influential figures in American history. The numerous advancements contributed by Franklin were made possible by a lot ofwork on his part. His outlook is best represented by his famous quote, Dostthou love life? Then do not squander time, for that is the stuff life is madeof. Franklin did not sway from that philosophy, and spent little time atleisure, as it was not productive. Franklins work ethic, moral outlook, andconstant interest in self-improvement throughout his life are his biggest claimsto fame. Franklins strict adherence to his thirteen virtues-which he createdin his pursuit of moral perfection-is responsible for many of his countlesscontributions to the colonies. Very important to Franklins life, was thelittle book he carried on his person at all times. In this book, he charted on aday to day basis, which virtues he had not obeyed, and marked a check for eachmistake. Franklin set aside one week per virtue, and ordered his virtues suchthat whenever perfection in a virtue was attained, it would make achieving thefol lowing virtue easier. Franklin found that he had much to improve upon. Another ingredient to Franklins recipe for greatness was his daily schedule. Franklin divided his day up by the hour and knew what he was to be doing at alltimes. This he found difficult at times, and involving the virtue Order, at onetime he almost gave up. In one of Franklins few pessimistic moments, he isquoted as saying, This article (order) therefore cost me so much painfulattention, and my faults in it vexed me so muchthat I was almost ready togive up the attempt and content myself with a faulty character in thatrespect. An amusing anecdote about a man who concludes that a speckled axeis best follows, and in looking back on his life, Franklin demonstrates hismastery of the thirteenth virtue, Humility. Even before he set his thirteenvirtues to writing, Franklin could be seen demonstrating many of them. In oneinstance involving his friend Collins, Franklin demonstrates Resolution,Justice, and Sincerity. During a voyage, Collins refuses to row, and Franklinresolves to perform what he must. An argument ensued, and Franklin, knowing thatCollins was a good sw immer, decided the only course of action would be to throwhim overboard. He was in a clear state of mind the whole time, and didabsolutely nothing that he would regret later on. Temperance was also a virtuethat Franklin had practiced his entire life. He was never a heavy drinker, andalways ate in moderation. Franklin prided himself on being an excellent debater,and while creating his virtues, he added Silence as a guide to others explainingone reason he was such an excellent crafter of argument. 2. Silence- Speaknot but what may benefit others or yourself. Avoid trifling conversation. Franklin means for others not to get caught up in petty squabbles, but rather tospeak only to that which is important, and when doing so, only to benefit theother party. When you mix the Silence virtue with the Sincerity virtue, whichFranklin is quoted as meaning Use no harmful deceit. Think innocently andjustly; and, if you speak, speak accordingly. you will become well respected,and a very powerful arguer. Franklin himself was both, and through trials,tribulations, and experience, sets forth these very useful tools of debate. Thetwo virtues that Franklin was exceptionally good at were Industry and Frugality. 6. Industry- Lose not time. Be always employed in something useful. Cut offall unnecessary actions. There was not one time after his childhood duringwhich Franklin was not employed, or at the very least, seeking work. The littleleisure time Franklin allowed himself was spent in the pursuit ofself-education, by reading books or engaging in conversation or argument with afriend. During most of his life he held down many jobs throughout the city, andhad other money coming in from the numerous print shops he had gone intopartnership and paid the overhead costs for. 5. Frugality- Make no expencebut to do good to others or yourself; i.e., waste nothing. Most of the moneyFranklin spent went to improving his business or buying a few books, which wasthe only leisure he allowed himself. However, even Franklin himself mademistakes, an example being an excursion with his friend Ralph, to London. He wassent by the governor with the promise of enough money to set up his own printingpress. Unfortun ately for Franklin, the governor backed out of his end of thedeal. He eventually found work, but worked himself into a debt spending money onseeing plays, and dining with his greedy friend. They eventually separated onless than good terms, and Franklin never saw the money Ralph owed him. .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 , .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .postImageUrl , .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 , .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343:hover , .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343:visited , .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343:active { border:0!important; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343:active , .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343 .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7ecd2ac160c2fc8829ca92be2649d343:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Medivial Christianity EssayFranklins view on the situations is as follows, and by the loss of hisfriendship, I found myself relieved from a heavy burden. While the precedingstatement may seem harsh, Franklin is very much justified in saying it, andaccurately demonstrates the economical worth he placed on everything heencountered. In conclusion, Franklins life was shaped by these thirteenvirtues, and he rarely swayed from the moral path they lit. There is no singlevirtue that can be selected, and thought of as less important than the rest. Thefame and fortune of such a man as Franklin, who followed these thirteenguidelines in his journey to become a morally perfect man, is proof enough thathis system worked, and still would work today. However, Franklins virtues,which he claimed were necessary or desirable, were set by him and for him. An individual must choose the path down which they wish to trod, and follow itwithout hesitation. Franklins virtues can be appreciated and respected, buthow realistically, in todays society, can they all possibly be attained?Biographies

According to current theories of evolution of organic world Essay Example

According to current theories of evolution of organic world Paper According to current theories of evolution of organic world, total diversity of biological species evolved from universal single-celled progenitor organism of extremely primitive constitution. These progenitors were heterotrophic and received nutrients from the primal ocean, enriched by simple organic compounds. Subsequent differentiation of these first organisms resulted in formation of eucariotic cells, autotrophic cells capable of photosynthesis and first multicellular colonies. As a result of intensive photosynthesis large amounts of free oxygen appeared in the atmosphere. Thus more effective aerobic ways of metabolism became possible. We will write a custom essay sample on According to current theories of evolution of organic world specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on According to current theories of evolution of organic world specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on According to current theories of evolution of organic world specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Having mastered photosynthesis and breathing, living organisms started to acclimate to the different zones and locations. These organisms were subjected to different sets of environmental factors. While adapting to these different conditions, organisms obtained different sets of adaptive features that were secured by the natural selection. The deeper was specialization of the group of organisms, the more unique set of features it developed. Thus the biological diversity had formed. 2. I am agree with the theory of evolution, because it explains in a logical and consistent way how the life had emerged and developed to its current diversity of species. Also theory of evolution explains the processes that are implemented widely by the human race since stone age to cultivate species of plants and animals in a fashion most fit to satisfy the needs and requirements of certain climatic zone. Application of principles of natural and artificial selection allows to predict approximately what effects will have influence of certain factors during production of new breed or species and how should directional selection be performed to cultivate breeds or sorts with desired qualities. Theory of evolution also makes sense of paleontologic discoveries and allows to analyze and predict relation between more or less distant groups of organisms based upon constitution of their predicted common progenitors. 3. Artificial selection and genetic engineering are widely applied in contemporary scientific research works, industrial processes and in production of agricultural goods. Logically arises question if these artificial, human-governed factors could influence natural processes of evolution. Artificial selection is, in fact, natural selection that is directed and controlled to obtain certain desired features in a breed of an existent species. Artificial selection can result in formation of new species only if applied continuously over very extended periods of time. Such activity may contribute certain scientific interest but hardly could be economically profitable and, hence, hardly can be expected to happen. Genetic engineering, though, is a tool that is potentially capable of much more swift and radical changes than natural or artificial selection could ever provide. So in theory it is possible to expect certain impact of products of genetic engineering upon natural evolution. That is why experiments based on genetic engineering should be designed carefully and well-thought before application. Works Cited: 1.  Ã‚   BCB705 Biodiversity: Chapter2 Evolution of Biodiversity. 3 Jun. 2008. The Department of Biodiversity Conservation Biology and The University of the Western Cape. 3 January 2009 http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/biodiversity/Chapter2/index.html

I Have a Story to Tell

I Have a Story to Tell The email I received read like this: I have an incredible story to write and need guidance as I have never done this before. This was not a spur of the moment decision. Could you please contact me. Such emails are a daily presence in my email. Its difficult to explain to a new writer, who sees writing as not all that difficult to master because, after all, theres so much of it out there, that good writing takes time. So many think a good story is good writing. So many think good writing is in the genes. So many think if you write long enough to produce 50,000 words, youve earned the right to publish. At the same time, I know many people have a great story to tell. Fiction, nonfiction, memoir . . . they want their tale distributed to the masses. Many are afraid to think it will make money, but they dare to hope so. Who am I to dash those hopes? The following is close to what I tell people who dare to make themselves vulnerable enough to write their story: 1) First of all, do not even think about publishing yet. Your job is to learn how to write, which is not a quick task. Give this a long-term goal so you do it justice. 2) Read successful books in your genre so you can see what has worked before you. Keep reading them. Never stop reading them. Realize you always have something to learn about how to write better. 3) Get your hands on a couple of how-to writing books, such as those at https://fundsforwriters.com/resources/ . I stand 4) Try to outline the story. It has to read like a novel, even if it might be a memoir. Beginning, middle, end like a three-act play. Learn what that means. Always outline your first book so you can determine if there is a journey worth telling. Writing 5) Start writing. No backstory to start with . . . just start writing where the problem, action, issue begins. Much like you would tell a story at a face-to-face gathering. 6) Write daily. Writing is not something you do like a hob 7) Try writing short stories about your subject matter. Books are for the seasoned writer. You might find that these stories could become chapters in your book. You will learn which chapters are crap and dont need to be published. Not all writing should be published. Frankly, as you are learning, youll learn later that maybe a tenth of what you write can be polished into something worth reading. It might feel wasted, but its not. Without sifting through the refuse, you never find the gold. 8) Find a critique group, either online or in person. Attached is a list of where to start looking online. www.AbsoluteWrite.com/forums   www.MyWritersCircle.com   http://mwf.ravensbeak.com/ www.GreatWriting.co.uk www.CritiqueCircle.com www.Critique.org   www.InkedVoices.com www.ladieswhocritique.com/get-started/faqs/ www.TheNextBigWriter.com www.Scribophile.com   www.SFNovelist.com www.WritersCafe.org www.Writers-Network.com/site/about   www.Writing.com www.Wattpad.com www.internetwritingworkshop.org/ Take your time. Give it a couple years or more if this is your first effort. Once written itll need serious editing. Then, and only then, will you consider how to publish traditional or indie or whatever is new at the time. You cannot think of that now because publishing will change before you get this manuscript ready. Sothis is how you start. Good luck with it.

The role group membership theories play in subprime home mortgage Essay

The role group membership theories play in subprime home mortgage lending - Essay Example there is no evidence defending this position of Predatory Lending; however, it is the intent of this paper to supply an additional theory to the prevalence of subprime lending to lower income families. I postulate that the prevalence of this type of lending is, in part, due to the effects of group memberships. Numerous studies have been conducted over the past decade concerning the prevalence of subprime lending for low income families. The studies have shown that low income families have a higher rate of subprime loans when compared to their middle and upper class counterparts, and that payment history makes little difference. According to the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (2000); Unequal Burden: Income and Racial Disparities in Subprime Lending in America, â€Å"Subprime loans are three times more likely to be found among low-income neighborhoods than in high-income neighborhoods - In low-income neighborhoods, subprime loans accounted for 26 percent of total loans in 1998 – compared with only 11 percent in moderate-income neighborhoods and just 7 percent in upper-income neighborhoods† (p. 2). In addition, Association of Community Organizations Organized for Reform Now (ACORN), released a study (1999) â€Å"Financial Apartheid† in Mortgage Interest R ates which stated that high cost mortgage financing was disproportionately more prevalent in lower income borrowers whether it was for home purchase or the refinancing of an existing home. The previous statements are what this paper is set to examine from the perspective that group membership plays an integral role in the presence of subprime home mortgage lending to lower income families. The following pages provide a thorough description of the subprime home mortgage lending market, the refinancing practices of lenders and a description of what is known as Predatory Lending. After that I will lay out group membership theories and describe the attributes of the target group: lower income

Pediatric Development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pediatric Development - Case Study Example Followed are my observations for the study case. At age of 4, child usually have decreased pulse and respiration rate, average weight of 16.7 kg and height of 103 cm. They trends to become independent, selfish and impatient. They are very aggressive physically and verbally. They take Do and Don'ts significantly and frustrate out on parents and siblings. My child knows own sex, age, and last name. As per information of her caregiver at daycare she can use toilet independently and reliably. She can wash and dry hands unassisted. I tried telling her stories. She listened it but with little distraction. Although she plays with other children, she prefers to play alone. Playing in group needs understanding. She is very good at sharing and understands taking turns with any assistance. She love engaging in dramatic and pretend play, especially dressing up. This shows that: About drawing, E. N. copies circles and crosses without difficulty and matched up to 6 colors while naming them. She counts till 10. She spreads peanut butter with knife really good and carefully. She can unbutton larger buttons easily, but buttoning up takes some time. She drew head with facial features, no years though, but added a body and extremities in a "stick mode". This shows that: After established walking, running, climbing, jumping by age of 2 child start riding cycle, taking broad jump, walking on tiptoe at age of 3. At age of 4 children can skip and hop on one foot adeptly, catch and throw ball faithfully.While trying to walk on a line E. N mostly ended up on one side or another of the line. Yet she can Balance and hop on 1 foot without difficulty. I used yarn of approx. 6 feet high, the child jumped with no problem landing on both feet. She tried to throw and catch the ball to her friend in front of me; she threw with direction, but could not catch when it was thrown back to her. Thus: She is reliable in hoping and balancing on one foot and jumping from height. She needs development in calculating relation between direction and speed so as to catch ball with specific speed and direction. Language Language becomes advanced during preschool years. Speech, vocabulary and comprehension are mostly influence by environment and cognitive ability. Child of age 4 can use sentence of four or five words. They have vocabulary of 1500 words or more. They questions more then ever, can tell exaggerated stories, sing simple songs and poems, tell names of different colors. They even can perceive up to four prepositional phrases such as "under", "on top of", "beside"

Ecotourism in Zanzibar and Kenya Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ecotourism in Zanzibar and Kenya - Essay Example Ecotourism has been argued to play vital roles in salvaging some of the world’s endangered ecosystem. Proponents of the concept also believe that it provides a platform through which state or society can develop or adopt sustainable economic strategies so as to safeguard biological resources. It is worrying to point out the fact that most communities that own biological resources have been pursuing environmentally-damaging strategies. Ideally, ecotourism is helpful in finding a compromise between preserving the natural environment and pursuing development. Even though some countries have successful implemented this concept, others still face a great deal of challenges. Zanzibar and Kenya are some of the few African countries that have successfully implemented ecotourism concept. This essay compares and contrasts some of the ecotourism practices that have been implemented in Zanzibar and Kenya (Honey, 1999). Similarities Creation of the Independent Ecotourism Society (TIES) In both Zanzibar and Kenya, The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) was formed purposely to get a tourism that is friendly to the natural environment and culture of a country. In both countries, the body has employed people who travel from one natural area to another to ascertain the nature of tourism that would conserve the environment and improves well-being of the people (Honey, 1999). The body has been working hard to change the perceptions of the tourists, create environmental awareness and explore natural environments. The independent body is constantly working a vast number of collaborators and supporters. In both countries, the body has attracted members from diverse cultural backgrounds. They draw knowledge from these members and utilize them as channels for spreading information about ecotourism. Ecotourism’s conservation efforts and strategies (Visitors’ attitudes and feedback) In Zanzibar and Kenya, visitors’ attitudes and feedback on ecotourism in the country is taken seriously as it is incorporated into ecotourism management tourism. The information provided by visitors helps in predicting the consequences of actions on the ecotourism experience. It is crucial for any country to take into account satisfaction of tourists and ecological-well being (Honey, 1999). The two countries have been monitoring and assessing the conditions and situations of the sites commonly visited by tourists, and this has helped in the creation and protection of recreational resources for visitors. In addition, this has aid the provision of appropriate recreational experiences. Ideally, the two countries have been using visitor perceptions of the potential effects of tourists to ascertain indicators of monitoring environmental conditions. For example, Kenyan government, through the Ministry of Tourism and Natural Resources, has been utilizing data on visitors experience about the environmental impacts in Maasaai Mara and Amboseli (Honey, 1999). Main streaming sustainable tourism principles in states policies and programs In the 1980s, tourism sector in Kenya and Zanzibar was completely unplanned. Both governments were weak in their tourist planning and regulation. In addition, they were not even able to implement some of its ecotourism projects. However, this situation changed rapidly in towards the end of 20th century. In Zanzibar, the International Workshop on Ecotourism and Environmental Conservation of 1994 was a turning point of the Zanzibar’s tourism industry. Since then, Zanzibar has mainstreamed its tourist policies and programs to integrate the policy makers to ecotourism programs. This is also happening in Kenya. This practice is implemented using ecotourism workshops and study trips (Honey, 1999). Role of NGOS and

The neoclassical model of labour leisure choice

The neoclassical model of labour leisure choice In this society, not many people can afford goods and education without working. Since we are not all wealthy, most of us must work in order to cover our living costs and other expenses (Borjas, 2008). However, our decisions on whether to work or not are based on many factors that motivate or discourage us to enter the labour force, then we need to decide how many hours to work. The first and second part of the essay will discuss about an individuals work-leisure decision regarding to her decision to work or not, and the number of hours to work. In the third part, I will discuss about Clarks report on job satisfaction of men and women. Although women had higher levels of reported stress in their life, they appear to be happier in work than men. Finally, the results which are recently reported by Booth and van Ours (2007) also support Clarks conclusions. The neoclassical model of labour-leisure choice is used to analyse labour supply behaviour and identify the factors in a persons work decision and her decision on how many hours to work (Borjas, 2008). In this model, individuals satisfaction which is obtained from consumption of goods (denoted as C) and leisure (L) is presented by utility function (economists assume that both goods and leisure are normal goods): We want to maximise our well-being by consuming as much goods and leisure as we can. However, there is a trade-off between consumption and leisure (Sparknotes, 2010). If we want to consume more leisure, then we have to give up goods and services because we cannot afford them since we work less (or do not work). In the other hand, if we spend more time to work, then we are wealthy enough to buy those goods and services; though we cannot consume as much leisure as before. In order to understand an individuals work-leisure decision, we use indifference curve analysis to explain their responses. Indifference curve analysis consists of two concepts: indifference curve and budget constraint (bized). A person will make her decision through the combination of the consumption of leisure and goods, in which we can analyse her work-leisure decision through a combination of her budget constraints and her indifference curves. The persons budget constraint can be written as: Where C: the value of expenditures on goods, wh: labour earning, and V: non-labour income (such as property income, lottery prises, medical insurance, disability insurance, dividends, retirements program) The total time allocated to work and leisure must equal the total time available in the period, say T hours per week, so that: Figure 1 illustrates the optimisation in utility of a person by combining her budget constraint and indifference curves. She will choose point P (as this is her optimal consumption of goods and leisure) because she is better off at point P. At point P, she will consume T1 hours of leisure and h1 hours of work per week. Note that in this figure, we assume that the indifference curves are convex to the origin, which is equivalent to assumption of diminishing marginal rate of substitution. It is the amount of consumption a person is willing to give up for an extra hour of leisure time diminishes as leisure time increases (lecture note). We are interested in how many hours of work a person will choose when non-labour income (V) (may be because of higher investments return or inheritance money) or wage (w) increases. There are two types of effects which dominate in this model: the income effect and the substitution effect. When non-labour income increases (holding the wage constant), the income effect reduce hours of work (as people tend to take more leisure as they feel wealthier) The workers opportunity set expands as non-labour income increases, thus leads to a parallel shift in her budget line. An increase in non-labour income also means that when holding the wage constant and the income effect generates, the worker tend to reduce hours of work (assume that leisure is a normal good). When the wage rate increases, its total effect is the sum of the income and substitution effects. A person will reduce her hours of work if the income effect dominates (in this case, a person is effected only if she is working); instead if the substitution effect dominates, she will increase her hours of work. If both effects are equal, then there will be no change on individuals hours of work or hours of leisure. In Figure 3, as the wage rate increase, the income effect generates lead to a decrease in hours of work (movement from point A to B), however, as the substitution effect has equal effect, individual will increase her hours of work (movement from point B to C). As we can see, the hours of work are still the same. A person makes her decision to work or not to work is based on the reservation wage. It is said that when the real wage exceed reservation wage, the workers will enter labour market. Therefore, if there is a high reservation wage, people are less likely to work. However, if we hold the reservation wage constant, high-wage persons are more likely to work. The neoclassical model of labour-leisure choice has some limitations such as: it considers only leisure and goods and ignores home production; it has simple linear budget constraints as in fact, the budget constraints are nonlinear due to taxes, government benefits; labour supply decision may be affected by other members decision of a household; and finally, it is one-period model, whereas lifetime labour supply model is more complex and dynamic (lecture notes). Womens participation rate in labour force has been increasing due to: rise in real wage (encourages women to enter the labour market), decline in birth rate since the costs of having one more child are very expensive, technological advances (which are the convenient products to help women in household activities), social and cultural factors (feminism, religion), expansion of service industries, and low unemployment (lecture notes). Mammen and Paxon (2000) state that education levels, for women themselves and their spouses, is an important factor in womens labour-decision. In a competitive labour market, women will consider the opportunity cost of her time and the income that unearned (non-labour income). A woman will withdraw from labour force if there is an increase in her non-labour income (may be because her husbands income has risen). However, when womens wage rises, it depends on whether substitution or income effect dominates. One interesting finding which made by Andrew Clark (1997) is that womens job satisfaction levels are higher than men. Firstly, he introduced his theory of four possible explanations for womens higher levels of job satisfaction, which are: jobs and gender, work values, sample selection, and expectations. Clark used the individual and job characteristics as control variables in ordered probit regressions to test all the explanations, except for the sample selection explanation, in which he used Heckman sample correction in OLS regressions. His theory is presented as the utility function from working: u = u(y, h, i, j) (1) where y is income, h is hours of work, and i is individuals feature and j is job characteristics. He concluded that gender (i variables) should not enter the equation (1), for example: an identical man and woman in identical jobs should report the same job satisfaction score (Clark, 1997). The data in this paper were collected from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) which interviewed 10,000 adults in 550 households in 1991. They were asked to rate their satisfaction levels (by the scale number from one to seven) with eight job aspects: promotion prospects, relations at work, job security, own initiative, total pay, the actual work itself, hours of work and something else. Clark argued that job satisfaction has correlations with the genders differences such as: age, education, health, and different job characteristics: establishment size, union membership and hours of work. He found that good health has large positive effect on job satisfaction while renter, union membership, and hours of work have small negative effects (an increase in hours to 50 per week only reduces the predicted probability of reporting overall job satisfaction of 7 to 38% and 30% for women and men, respectively); moreover, higher levels of educations and longer hours of work are connected with lower satisfied workers. Especially, womens overall job satisfaction is largely determined by renter, union, marital status and managerial status. However, these findings only justify which types of workers are satisfied, not why women are more satisfied than men. The second explanation of this paper is work values (as men and women consider the work aspects differently). Men choose promotion prospects, job security and pay, are the most important jobs aspects; while women rank highly the aspects such as: relations at work and hours of work. Nevertheless, the results show that women who have same jobs, same personal characteristics and same work values, report a higher job satisfaction score than men do. Thus, work values do not explain why women are so happier at work. The third explanation of womens higher job satisfaction (sample selection tests how the individual feel about working) is not effective since it relies on men and womens participation rate. Clark highlighted that men are more likely to be in employment than women; specifically, married women are less likely to be employed. Since the sample sizes are small (mens participation rate is higher than women) Expectations are the last explanation for womens higher job satisfaction. Clark (1997) stated that women are happier at work than men, because they have lower expectations. Education and upbringing form a part of expectations. For the higher-educated workers, younger workers, those whose mothers had a professional job, those in professional positions, and those working at male-dominated workplaces are likely to have higher expectations about their job aspects. Clark suggested that there is only a temporary result in womens higher job satisfaction which is explained by improved position of women in the society and labour market. He predicted that womens expectations and job satisfaction would be the same as men, given that womens pay only rise at the same pay rates of men. (gender) used the pooled ordered probit models to show that in the past decade, womens job satisfaction has indeed declined significantly (nearly by half), while mens job satisfaction has slightly changed. This paper results support the theory that womens higher job satisfaction is only transitory and Clarks prediction of gender differences in job satisfaction. Furthermore, the results found by Booth and van Ours (2009) are indeed supportive to Clarks conclusions. Akerlof and Kranton (2000, cited by Booth and van Ours (2009)) stated that womens improved position in society (such as the female suffragette movement) has made it more tolerable for women to work. This paper examines the relationship between part-time jobs and family well-being by using fixed-effects ordered logit estimation method on the panel data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA). Hours satisfaction is considered to be one aspect of both men and womens job satisfaction. Womens job satisfaction is said to be increasing follow their partners health. The results from pooled cross-sectional data indicate that men and womens job satisfaction is higher if their family income and health are high, which is consistent with Clarks findings. While full-time work reduces womens hours satisfaction and job satisfaction, it increases mens hours and job sati sfaction. Booth and van Ours (20009) concluded that the male share of house work is always low even when the female spend enormous hours in marketplace. This finding proposes an explanation why women are happier with part-time work. (developing) In contrast to Booth and van Ours findings, Boo (2010) states that in developing countries (as in Honduras), women do not have higher job satisfaction refer to part-time job. Alternatively, both women and men are more satisfied when they are working full-time. For the fact that working full-time increases individuals income, poorer women seems to value full-time jobs than non-poor women.

The Industrial Revolution :: essays research papers fc

The Industrial Revolution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Industrial Revolution had transformed the economic and social structure of Europe. Europe shifted from a traditional, labor-intensive economy that was manly based on farming and handicraft to a more capital-intensive economy based on manufacturing with machines, specialized labor, and industrial factories. This revolution had changed Europeans, their society, and their relationship with other countries. The development of large factories forced people to move from the countryside to the urban areas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Men, women, and children were part of the work force. The children started to work as young as 8yrs. old. They would work long hours; 14hrs a day 7 days a week, they would have little time to eat or take breaks, and they were paid very little. They lived quite a long distance from work, so they would have to wake up really early to go to work, and sometimes they wouldn’t have much time to eat breakfast. They would be working in unhealthy conditions and in uncomfortable places, this would lead to a future with disabilities or they wouldn’t see the future at all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"- When did you first begin to work in mills or factories?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When I was about 10 yrs. of age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -What were your usual hours of working?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We began at five and gave over at nine, at five in the morning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -At what distance might you have lived from the mill?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   About a mile and a half. -Is their not considerable dust in a flax mill?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A flax mill is very dusty indeed!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -What were your wages at 19yrs. old at Mr. Benyons?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I think it was 4s [shillings] a week.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the mines it would be a little bit different, in a sense that they couldn’t use boys under the age of 10 because they would need boys that would be a bit strong, in occasion they would have 4-5 boys under 10yrs. old, and they would be working with their fathers. They would still need children to be in the small tunnels occasionally opening doors for ventilation, and pulling the chariots full of coal using a harness and chain/rope. They would be in they most uncomfortable positions that, like I said before, would lead to disabilities when they grow up. â€Å"Not more than five or six boys under the age of 13; the two youngest are from eight to nine yrs. of age, who work with their fathers. The boys, in carting out from the googs [narrow inclined planes up which the coal is pulled by a chain and windlass]†

The Opium War

In this descriptive essay the movement for china to prohibit opium and the formation and the devolution of the first opium war from 1839 till 1842 and its aftermaths for china will be shown. The Opium War was one of the most important points of inflexion in the history of china. Before this war, china was an autonomous feudal state that administrates the state without interventions of other states. After the repression of the Qing Dynasty by the British and the signing of the disparate contract of Nanjing in 1842, china converted step by step to a half feudal and half colonial state.Already in the forties of the 19th century, Great Britain was a high developed, capitalistic State. After it has tightened its colonial control about India, their aggressions adjust against china. In this time china was still a self isolated feudal state with a dominant autarkic agricultural economic system. British industrial goods were not liked and couldn’t be sold in china in this time, so that Britain had to pay big amounts of silver to buy Chinese products like silk and tea.To avoid these high costs, Britain starts to bribe Chinese functionaries by opium. It was brought in rising high amounts to china. For example in contrast to 1820 where they brought 4000 cases with 600 kilo of opium for each to china, they transported 40000 cases of that in 1838 to the empire of the middle, which means that a very high amount of silver leaves china in this years. The price of silver was rising high so that the burden of the Farmers gains and the Qing Dynasty get into financial problems consequently.Thereby the number of opium smokers elevates, the feudal functionaries getting more and more corrupt and the fighting power of the Chinese army was enervated. Finally the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty Daoguang (from 1821 till 1850) was frightened of his authority. Because of that he sends the general governor of Hunan and Hubei, Lin Zexu, as a special representative to Guangzhou to eliminate dealing with opium. In Guangzhou he let arrested the dealers, punished corrupt functionaries and ordered the foreign traders to surrender their opium to him.The foreign traders also had to sign a commitment that they never would deliver opium to china again. The counteraction of Charles Elliot, the British inspector for trade in China, attempts to perforate the prohibition and told the foreign traders that they don’t have to sign the commitment and don’t have to surrender their opium to the Chinese governor. He also commands the trade ships which anchor in front of the Pearl River to get away. After those actions Lin Zexu prohibited all trading actions between Chinese and British people and let guard the British residential area by the army.On the 3rd of June in 1839 he gave the order to a public burn down of 1,15 million kilogram of the surrendered opium at the beach of Humen. Thereafter he wanted to go back to the normal trade between china and Britain with a genera l prohibition for opium. After the public burn down, Charles Elliot pressures the British government to start a vengeance war against china. In April of 1840 the British parliament declares a resolution for a war against china on what they started an offense in June. They first attacked the coast of Guangzhou with 40 warships and about 4000 army soldiers.That was the beginning of the opium war. The Chinese army was prepared well for this offense so that they can kickback the attacks in Guangzhou and later also in Xiamen in the province of Fujian. Later they charged Dinghai in the province of Zhejiang and push along to the north where they accomplished the harbor of Tianjing and menace the capital Beijing. The Qing administration was afraid about this development so that they sent Qishan, general governor of Zhili (today called Hebei), to Guangzhou to start negotiations for peace.But during the negotiations in January of 1841, the British army attacks the fort in front of Humen and c aptured it. Because of that Qishan was affected to sign the convention of Chuanbi which declares the abandonment of Hongkong to Great Britain and the payment of reparations for the burned opium. This convention was an affront for the Emperor Daoguang which threatened his authority. Because of that he declared the war against Great Britain. He sent his nephew Yishan to Guangzhou who should direct this military act. But even before he arrived the British army captured Humen that were protected by admiral Guan Tianpei and 400 soldiers.If they also blast to Guangzhou by cannon, Yishan capitulates, asked for peace and signed the convention of Guangzhou which obligates him to pay 6 million silver dollars as reparation for the war. But the Britain government was disaffected with the advantages of the provisional convention of Chuanbi so that they sent again 26 warships with 3500 soldiers to expand the war of aggressions. In august of 1841 they captured Xiamen and later in October Dinghai, Zhenhai and Ningbo in the province of Zhejiang. In June of 1942 they ineffectively attacked Wusong nearby shanghai and captured later shanghai itself and Zhejiang.In August the British warships advanced the Yangtzekiang River to ship to Nanjing. If they arrived at Nanjing the Qing administration sent a diplomatic, called Qiying, to a British ship for negotiate peace. On the 29th of August in 1842 he signed the infamous Chinese – British contract of Nanjing which was the first disparate Contract of the modern Chinese history. The contract, which includes 13 articles, orders China to open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trade harbors, to assign Hongkong to Great Britain and pay a reparation of 21 million silver dollars.In the following year Great Britain compel the Qing administration to sign the abstract rules for the British – Chinese trade in five free trade harbors and also to sign the contract of Humen as accessory to the contract of Nanjing, which includes that the maximum duty for British goods is constricted on 5%. It also declares that British people are able to build up houses for permanent living. Through the Nanjing contract and other disparate contracts in the following years china lost its political independence.The inflow of foreign goods started to corrode the Chinese feudal economy. Because of that china developed into a half feudal and half colonial society in these years. In my opinion the opium war was a very important and influencing part of the Chinese history. I made the experience that you can find these influences till today. It especially affects Hong Kong which is a part of china again since 1997 but till 2047 declared as a special administrative region with an own currency and own rules. You can make this experience if you know different parts of china.In Hong Kong you can find many European looking buildings, a lot of western food and about 19. 000 Britain’s. It is a very international, intercul tural city and nearly everybody speaks English. But you can also see the differences if you visit some other cities which were colonized before a long time. For example in Shanghai or Qindao. But every region which was colonized is again a part of china today. In the time of international trade and globalization a European people like me can’t imagine that in our days a region of a country is colonized by another country.And I also think that Daoguang, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty in the time of the opium war, reacts completely correct to this situation because no emperor in this world allow another country to make his nation addicted to drugs and cheat to them about the income of the international trade. So that I can say that I think that the events which happened turned into a negative light only because of the arrogance and presumption of the Britain’s, that captured parts of china, despite to the big resistance of China, to acquire things which were not owned b y them and to browbeat a country which is cultural known for harmony till today.

Essay on Nationalism Essay Example

Essay on Nationalism Essay Example Essay on Nationalism Essay Essay on Nationalism Essay Nationalism is a popular sentiment that places the existence and well-being of the nation highest in the scale of political loyalties. In political terms, it signifies a persons willingness to work for the nation against foreign domination, whether political, economic, or cultural. Nationalism also implies a groups consciousness of shared history, language, race, and values. Its significance lies in its role in supplying the ties that make the nation-state a cohesive viable entity. Nationalism belongs to the modern world. Before the 18th century, people gave their loyalty to their communities, tribes, feudal lords, princes, religious groups, or other universal principles. Borders could thus be changed without popular outcry against the violation of national integrity. For example, when Louis XIV of France seized the free imperial city of Strasbourg on the Rhine in 1681, the people of the city accepted him as their king. By the 19th century, however, nationalist sentiments were stron g. When Germany annexed Strasbourg (and the rest of Alsace-Lorraine) in 1871, its citizens felt bitter resentment at the dismemberment of the French nation. Among thefirst modern manifestations of nationalism was the French Revolution (1789). Starting as a crusade for liberty, equality, and fraternity, the French Revolution turned into a war of the French people against foreign aggressors. When Napoleon took power and began to create a French empire, other nations fought back. From Spain to Russia, peoples rose in defense of their nations against French imperialism. The German philosopher Johann Gottlieb FICHTE delivered his Addresses to the German Nation (1807-08) specifically against Napoleon. After Napoleons fall, nationalism continued to develop. At the Congress of Vienna (1814-15), Belgium was given to the Netherlands, but 15 years later the Belgians revolted and gained their national independence. There were several different forms of nationalism that existed in Europe at the turn of the 20th century. The most obvious of these being to have extreme pride in ones country, another being to oppress others considered inferior. Pride in ones country was a major form of nationalism throughout Europe. The desire to have an independent government was characteristic in places such as the Balkans. Groups such as the Black Hand, who wanted Serbia to be independent and then united all Balkan Slavs, forced these beliefs about nationalism. The superiority of the group culture over other groups is one of the properties of oppression of other countries. This has been displayed in the arms race between Germany and Britain, whom were fighting for military and naval superiority in the early 1900s. Increased nationalism in Europe was a major cause of the First World War. Yet other factors contributed such as colonial and trade rivalry, militarism and the system of alliances. Colonial and trade rivalry played a considerable part in the buildup to World War One. Yet without the aid of nationalism, this rivalry would not have been such a major factor. Towards the turn of the 1900s all of the European Powers were determined to gain colonies to build their empires. Disputes between several Powers over various colonies created visible tension within Europe. As a result of this rivalry, many colonies soon adopted nationalistic, almost imperialistic beliefs, wishing to have self-domination. An example of this was the way Serbia rose against Austria-Hungary towards the end of the 1800s, fighting for independence. Militarism was another prominent factor that led to World War One, yet cannot be solely responsible. In the early 1900s major countries, including all Powers, in Europe began spending increasing amounts of money on the expansion of military and naval forces.

Huck Finn Paper Essay Example

Huck Finn Paper Essay Example Huck Finn Paper Essay Huck Finn Paper Essay In the novel Mark Twain uses the element of satire to explain various events and actions throughout the novel. Satire is a very common element used in his novels and by other authors but Twains use of it is most discussed. He uses it to describe the hypocrisy of Christianity by most people, also to satirize the idiocy and cruelty of the human society. And finally He uses it to describe a very important event in the novel and how pitiful a crowd is. Satire occurs many times in this novel which adds a very entertaining aspect to the novel. One of which is in the beginning where Huck says â€Å"By and by they fetched the niggers in and had prayers, and then everybody was off to bed. †(Twain, 8). He points out the fact that Miss Watson wants to be a better Christian and a better person. But she owns slaves and says that they are property which by the definition of a good person she is not one. This a good example on how Twain uses satire to describe the hypocrisy of some people during that time. Another way he uses satire is to describe the idiocy and cruelty of the human society during that time. The Man â€Å"See? Hell be drownded, and wont have nobody to blame for it but his own self. I reckon thats a considerable sight bettern killin of him. Im unfavorable to killin a man as long as you can git aroun it; it aint good sense, it aint good morals. Aint I right? † (Twain, 98). This man was truly misguided and judges letting a man drown as a lesser crime than killing that man. This shows the complete idiocy and cruelty of human society during that time Buendia 2 Twain also use an event in chapter 22 from page 200 to 202 where Boggs enters the story and is calling out Sherburn to kill him. But when confronting he ends up being killed in front of his daughter by the guy who calling him out, Colonel Sherburn. The people then scream that they want to lynch him. He then start to laugh and call the mob all cowards. Finally the crowd ends up breaking up and leaves. Here Twain use satire to describe the fact that the mob didnt stop Boggs or Sherburn and they want to lynch him which is why Sherburn calls them cowards. Huck then reflects on this and says â€Å"The pitifullest thing out is the mob; thats what an army is – a mob; they dont fight with courage thats borrowed from their mass, and from their officers. † (Twain, 202). Which basically explains how cowardly the mob was to criticize the actions of Sherburn. In this novel satire is used to explain various things the hypocrisy of Christianity during this time, the cruelty and idiocy of human society during this time, and to reflect on an important events during the novel. Twain use the actions of Miss Watson to be hypocritical of a Christian by owning slaves and calling them property. When the man judges that drowning a man as a lesser crime than killing him directly shows satire in explaining the cruelty and idiocy of the human society. When Boggs and Sherburn confront each other is an event that Twain uses to explain the actions of the mob for criticizing Sherburn even though they didnt do anything to stop the killing of Boggs. Satire is a very abundant element in this novel and this makes Twain a brilliant author.

Dreaming in Cuban by Cristina Garcia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Dreaming in Cuban by Cristina Garcia - Essay Example The novel setting is in between Cuba and the USA where the focus is on a single family of three generations. Ideally, the novel narration in the novel is the third person narration with countable instances written in the first person narration. One of the key aspects witnessed across the novel is the fact that the narration jumps from one point in time to another hence going contrary to the linear fashion of narration. The novel has a number of themes witnessed all through the plot that vary from memory, living in exile, family ties and political divisions that characterized the Cuban history. Writing techniques used by Garcia I.Retrospection All through the novel, the narrator seems to be giving accounts of events that they might have experienced in the past without interfering with the flow of the story. The purpose of using this technique is to illustrate the suffering of the Del Pino family that spreads across the generations. The family members that plotline focuses on are Pilar, Celia del Pino’s grand daughter, Lourdes and Felicia who are Celia’s daughters. The author relies on the accounts of the narrator as the author was in exile that did not interact with Castro’s rule. Therefore, the narrators pat makes the author to have a glimpse of how it used to be back in the day when Garcia was residing in the USA. This aspect of narrations relatively appears in films hence making Garcia a formidable author as not many may use this technique in their literature works. II. Projection The projection technique is a technique that blends well with science fiction stories where the predicted future tends t o be imaginary, but at the same time appears real to the reader. In the novel, projection is a clear element that affects the narrator’s story as the mental instability that had struck Celia befalls on her daughter Felicia. In essence, Celia became mentally unstable when her husband Jorge died while Felicia became mentally unstable because of the ill treatment that she received form her husband. In the end, Felicia attempts to kill Hugo, her husband as the torture proves immense on her. On the other hand, Celia becomes mentally unstable because of the cruelty that received from Jorge’s mother and sister all through her pregnancy. Therefore, the obvious projection here is that cruelty and pregnancy were the probable causes of mental disorders for these two women. III. Different period and structure The author uses this technique within the characters of the novel to suggest reflections that they have of the future. The constant throws in between time helps in the illust ration of the turmoil that the characters were experiencing although at different times. In essence, the psychological torment that the characters portrayed illustrated the gravity of their situation that justified some of their actions. For instance, the author asserts that the minds of Celia and Felicia snapped at some point although the time of their occurrence was not the same. Another similarity presented by the author is that both Celia and Felicia gave birth to daughters as their first children. Therefore, the author uses this technique to present the striking similarities in the occurrence of events that occurred at different times. IV. Straight forward Evidently, the format of the narration is no different from the normal presentation of a story as the novel begins with a clear beginning that

The effect of oil and gas to Qatar's economy Research Paper

The effect of oil and gas to Qatar's economy - Research Paper Example s from exporting various products, every industrial giant within these nations consume massive amount of oil in order to maintain smooth functionality in the operations and thus contribute to the overall economic development of the nations. In terms of Qatar’s economic condition and position, recent reports project that the nation experiences a real growth rate of about 5.5 % and is ranked 44th position in terms of world ranking. The per capita income of this nation was $102,100 in terms of world ranking till the year 2013. Observably, the nations is ranked 3rd in terms of gross national savings, 19th in terms of crude oil production and 6th in terms of natural gas production (Central Intelligence Agency, â€Å"The World Factbook† ). By taking into concern the findings of this particular study, the null hypothesis to be tested in this study will be, â€Å"The oil and gas segment has no considerable impact on Qatar’s economy has been validated†. Research Evaluation Technique. The information accumulated from the research work certainly helps in determining the validity of the above-depicted null hypothesis. It can be affirmed that the research question is mainly structured with the intention of understanding that how oil and gas sector being the primary sector in the Qatari economy impose extensive impact specifically on the governments’ revenue earnings, governmental export process, economic liquidity rate and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the nation. It would be vital to mention in this similar concern that the above-portrayed null hypothesis has been designed in such a way so that there occurs a high possibility of getting it rejected at the time when the findings of the research are revealed. This literature review section has been formulated completely depending upon the secondary data sources. This method implemented for literature review in this study includes the effective evaluation of the various online journals, reports and government websites.

How the proliferation of nonprofit organizations impacts strategic Essay

How the proliferation of nonprofit organizations impacts strategic management - Essay Example This discussion elaborates strategic management of a nonprofit organization and the impacts it has on management. The word NGO covers an extraordinarily wide range of other organizations close to civil society, ranging from political groups to sports club. NGO executes different roles; it has different rooting when historical events and geographical locations are considered. The non-profit organization is defined as groupings encompassing a function of relieving sufferings from destitute people, and with a dependability of developing communities, creation of social services and protection of the environment. For an organization to be called non-profit organization, there are some appreciable rules. It should always be set up privately and autonomously. It should define its voluntary character, not a political party, and lastly, should always support all development that characterizes its public attention (Kohm & Piana, 2003). Nevertheless, most if not all NGOs depends on the employees who will be volunteering to manage their functions and program, hence the organization is not able to control a satisfactory quality (Agard, 2011). Some of the impact that affects strategic management is supporting the country’s reforms and roles to create surety that there is conspicuous direction and strategy of how to reach their aims and objectives in a certain period. For example, Ditshwanelo had both the mission and the vision statement that exactly reflect business of protecting human right. Democracy and excellent governance are the main aspects of management in the majority of organizations. Many countries in Africa are devoid of egalitarian activities, accountability and transparency, leading to pitiable

Social Media and Its Impact on Our Privacy Today Essay Example for Free

Social Media and Its Impact on Our Privacy Today Essay According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Privacy is the quality or state of being apart from company or observation. Ever since the creation of Facebook, Twitter and other Social Media Outlets privacy has been non-existent. One can be astonished that the definition of privacy still exists since the introduction and existence of Social Media. Social Media erased the concept of privacy in our day to day lives. Imagine the convenience of friends, family and your Facebook or Twitter family knowing everything about your day, mood and whereabouts; in this day and age the world also knows what you’re eating, when and where. How did this happen Facebook started off as a connection platform for college students. To share updates, experiences and an advanced friend database based on education. Shortly after it became open to everyone and instead of being a place to stay connected it became a virtual diary of one’s day, vacation and life. It wasn’t enough that Facebook statuses were general. The world was now introduced to Twitter with a play by play updates on one’s daily life. According to character Father Brendan Flynn: â€Å"Doubt can be a bond as powerful and sustaining as certainty. When you are lost, you are not alone. †(Doubt). When everyone is able to follow your posts and location on Facebook you’re not lost, on the contrary you are found. When everyone is able to read you’re constantly updated tweets you are not lost. With Social Media uncovering our personal lives to the world we are not lost we are however alone. Since Social Media makes it easy to â€Å"share† our experiences ironically we become alone as there is no need for physical interaction with friends and family. So what do we do? How do we overcome Social Media and retain our privacy again when Facebook and Twitter have been such an integral part of our lives with advertising, personal updates and virtual sharing? According to Audrey Siegel, media agency Target Cast President â€Å"You don’t have any control, quite honestly†. Social Media is here to stay with its’ good and bad, however it is up to us to control and regain our privacy.

The Swastika in MAUS Essay -- Maus Essays

The Swastika in MAUS The image of the swastika pervades Arthur Spiegelman's graphic novel MAUS. In a work where so much of the Holocaust has been changed in some way - after all, there are no humans in this version, only cats, mice, dogs, and pigs - we must wonder why Spiegelman chooses to retain this well-known emblem. To remove it entirely or replace it with another, invented symbol would completely disorient the reader; but some might claim that this is the effect at which Spiegelman is aiming. I believe it is not. Rather, Spiegelman uses the swastika to subtly remind the reader that while the guise in which events are presented may be somewhat unfamiliar, the novel is still a narrative of the Holocaust. The swastika, it has been pointed out, has always been a powerful symbol. Before Hitler's time, it was used across the world, often with the symbolic meaning of the sun, power, life force, or other superlatives - especially as a symbol for the Buddha. The Nazis co-opted this symbol only after much deliberation, and perhaps the Nazi regime never could have come into existence without the use of ideograms such as the swastika. The Nazis perverted this symbol by rotating it into a diagonal position and making it bolder than it traditionally was, therefore giving it more aggressiveness. Given the innate power of this symbol, Spiegelman would be hard-pressed to find an "alternative" for his depiction of the Nazis that could evoke the same response. The image found on the front cover of the book is clearly a Nazi swastika - the traditional, pre-Nazi swastika uses horizontal and vertical, not diagonal lines. However, to clarify who exactly is being identified with the Nazis, we must look to the stylized, angular cat's fa... ...entation of his father's Holocaust experience, it would be dishonest and unfair to do anything else. But then why is the swastika not only seen in places where it would have historically appeared - on Nazi flags, on the sides of Nazi vehicles - but also as a background image for a particularly gruesome event in the book and as a pattern formed by roads? It seems that this is intended to remind us that this is the Holocaust we are reading about. The blurb on the inside front flap states "Its form, the cartoon... succeeds perfectly in shocking us out of any lingering sense of familiarity with the events described." But this is not entirely true - by using the swastika, we are reminded that even though the characters are animals, this is still Holocaust history. The familiarity of the swastika still lingers in our minds and colors our perception of the entire story. The Swastika in MAUS Essay -- Maus Essays The Swastika in MAUS The image of the swastika pervades Arthur Spiegelman's graphic novel MAUS. In a work where so much of the Holocaust has been changed in some way - after all, there are no humans in this version, only cats, mice, dogs, and pigs - we must wonder why Spiegelman chooses to retain this well-known emblem. To remove it entirely or replace it with another, invented symbol would completely disorient the reader; but some might claim that this is the effect at which Spiegelman is aiming. I believe it is not. Rather, Spiegelman uses the swastika to subtly remind the reader that while the guise in which events are presented may be somewhat unfamiliar, the novel is still a narrative of the Holocaust. The swastika, it has been pointed out, has always been a powerful symbol. Before Hitler's time, it was used across the world, often with the symbolic meaning of the sun, power, life force, or other superlatives - especially as a symbol for the Buddha. The Nazis co-opted this symbol only after much deliberation, and perhaps the Nazi regime never could have come into existence without the use of ideograms such as the swastika. The Nazis perverted this symbol by rotating it into a diagonal position and making it bolder than it traditionally was, therefore giving it more aggressiveness. Given the innate power of this symbol, Spiegelman would be hard-pressed to find an "alternative" for his depiction of the Nazis that could evoke the same response. The image found on the front cover of the book is clearly a Nazi swastika - the traditional, pre-Nazi swastika uses horizontal and vertical, not diagonal lines. However, to clarify who exactly is being identified with the Nazis, we must look to the stylized, angular cat's fa... ...entation of his father's Holocaust experience, it would be dishonest and unfair to do anything else. But then why is the swastika not only seen in places where it would have historically appeared - on Nazi flags, on the sides of Nazi vehicles - but also as a background image for a particularly gruesome event in the book and as a pattern formed by roads? It seems that this is intended to remind us that this is the Holocaust we are reading about. The blurb on the inside front flap states "Its form, the cartoon... succeeds perfectly in shocking us out of any lingering sense of familiarity with the events described." But this is not entirely true - by using the swastika, we are reminded that even though the characters are animals, this is still Holocaust history. The familiarity of the swastika still lingers in our minds and colors our perception of the entire story.

Personality Theory

Learning is defined as Any relatively permanent change in behavior that can be attributed to experience (Coon). It is not, however, a temporary change caused by outside forces. Therefore, things such as motivation, disease and injury cannot be considered to be a form of learning. This is because once the disease, injury, etc. has been removed, behavior will return to it s state before the influence. There are 2 main keys to every learning process: the reinforcement, which is anything that increases the chances that the desired response will take place, and the response, which is the behavior that takes place as a reaction to the reinforcement. An antecedent is the event which takes place before a response, and is the basis for Classical Conditioning. A consequence is something that follows a response, and is the foundation for what psychologists call Operant Conditioning. Classical Conditioning is based on what takes place before a response. It begins with some action that will inevitably produce a response. That action is then associated with another that does not induce a response, or a Neutral Stimulus. After enough repetition, the neutral stimulus which did not previously produce a response will now, on its own, produce the response of the action it was coupled with. It is now what is called a Conditioned Stimulus, or a stimulus that produces a response because it has been paired with another. A good example of Classical Conditioning is presented by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian Physiologist. Pavlov noticed that his dogs would drool when he put food in their mouths. After some time passed, he noticed that the dogs would begin to drool upon seeing the food. Then, the dogs began drooling at the sight of Pavlov. It was then that Pavlov noticed that learning had taken place. The dogs had associated the food with the appearance of Pavlov. The dog s drooling did not have to be learned: it was what is called a reflex, or an automatic response. The reflex is a type of Unconditioned Response, a response that happens on its own. That reflex to drool was finally paired with seeing Pavlov and expecting to be fed. Eventually, the sight of Pavlov was enough to make the dog drool, without ever presenting food. The dog s drooling had then become a Conditioned Response, or a response that has been conditioned by stimuli. This is a prime example of Classical Conditioning. Operant Conditioning focuses on consequences, or what follows a response. In this type of conditioning, a response is followed by some type of reinforcement. This reinforcement can be something good, something bad, or nothing at all. If an action results in a punishment, the action is less likely to take place. However, if the action is followed by reinforcement, such as praise, food, or other rewards, the action is more likely to be repeated. An example of Operant Conditioning is found in the works of B. F. Skinner. Although he rejected the ideas of theories of learning, (Skinner), he is well known for one of his creations, dubbed the Skinner Box. A skinner box is a small, barren chamber into which a hungry rat is placed. The box is featureless, except for a lever on one wall. As the rat explores, it accidentally presses this lever, and a pellet of food or a drop of water is released. Eventually, the rat will learn to correspond the lever to receiving a food pellet. He will then move the lever when he is hungry. This is called the Law of Effect: responses that have desirable effects are repeated, while negative effects will lessen the tendency for the response to take place. What has happened is a good example of Operant Conditioning. The rat is hungry. The rat, then, has had reinforcement (the food pellet) to perform a response (the lever press). In this situation, the food pellet acts as an Operant Reinforcer, or something that encourages the event which it follows. In both of these instances, Acquisition has occurred. Acquisition is the training in which learning occurs. Once it has taken place, Expectancy comes into view. Expectancy is the anticipation that the learned conditioning will continue to produce the same response. However, if the reinforcement is taken away from conditioning, we can expect that the conditioned response will begin to fade. This is called Extinction. This occurs when a response is weakened by the removal of it s reinforcement. However, occasionally, a response may resurface after it is believed to be extinct. This is known as Spontaneous Recovery. Once a response has been conditioned, the response will continue to take place unless the reinforcement is removed. In many cases, however, a reinforcement that is similar to the original will still bring about the desired response. This is called Stimulus Generalization. An example of this would be if someone who looked like Pavlov walked into the view of the dogs. They may begin drooling because of their conditioning to do so at the appearance of Pavlov. After some time, though, the dogs will learn to distinguish between Pavlov and the imposter. After that point, the dogs would respond differently to the 2 men. This learning is known as Stimulus Discrimination. Conditioning has been very useful to psychologists and social workers who want to effect behavior. However, these laws of conditioning can have negative repercussions. For instance, phobias stem from conditioning, usually in early childhood. For instance, a child could have a negative experience with a kitten, or other house pet. This negative experience, previously a Neutral Stimulus, has now been linked with fear, anxiety, and other negative emotional responses. This process is called Conditioned emotional response. This creates a phobia, or an unrealistic fear of a thing or situation. There are different ways to treat and cure phobias. The first is called Desensitization. This would be used, for example, with a person with a fear of heights. The person would gradually be taken higher off the ground, perhaps over days, weeks, or longer. This would gradually introduce them to the fear and eventually allow them to be free of the phobia. In more extreme cases, a conditioning called Vicarious Classical Conditioning is used. If someone had an extreme phobia of snakes, the person might be exposed to a video tape of someone holding a snake. Through small steps such as these, the person could eventually recover from the phobia.

How Creativity Has Been Applied to a Business Idea or Problem Essay

To make a business grow and achieve productive and efficient results you need to invoke creativity which has always been an essential business skill. Since long time creativity has been applied to a business world as companies seek to use it in all parts of the organization to make it gain more profits and to be exceptional from others. A business person has to find unique solutions every day and he has to know how to react to situation creatively. Richard Florida (2002) stated human creativity is the ultimate economic resource. The ability to come up with new ideas and better ways of doing things is ultimately what raises productivity and thus living standards. Every individual is creative. Creative person is defined as curious, optimistic, imaginative, hard – working. He enjoys challenges, are able to accept problems easily and see them as new opportunities also he does not give up easily. Each of us see things in different way people are used to see or do, we come up with c reative ideas and solutions which make us to explore our creativity in more depth. Creativity is a process from where creative ideas come from and creativity is personal skill which is essential in this process. Creative thinking skills and attributes explain how people are dealing with various problems or ideas. Skills such as imagination, problem – solving, taking – risks and reasoning help us to identify problems, find right solutions, generate and improve ideas also realize them and apply to business process. Intuition, motivation and flexibility make us to select a proper idea, explore different ways to combine and achieve it, improve attitude towards risk and eliminate boundaries. In order to achieve his purposes person has to be self– confident, determined and persistent. There are many ways how individual can improve or develop these skills. For example, JAV company ‘Sysco’ organized creative education seminars for their employers and results were stunning – every participant sales increased about 25 – 30 % bu t this is just one example how creativity has been developed in companies there are more ways to do that. First of all, we need to evolve ideas and understand that there is more than one problem solution also we have to perceive that each problem can be solved in a better or different way. The second way to improve creativity is called synthesis. Using this method more than to ideas are compared and from them combined into completely new idea. Also, in this report I would like briefly identify some of idea generation techniques which help to realize ideas in a particular business area. Smith (1998) identified 172 idea generating techniques which he allocated to smaller groups which tell us about each technique further. Idea generation technique is essential process of creativity. Brainstorming probably is the most important technique which involves generating a lot of ideas and solutions. Brainstorming was the first technique and it is called ‘the mother of all idea generation techniques’. Also, it can be used for both groups and individuals. Second technique is collaboration when group of people are working together on purpose to achieve a particular result. They share creative ideas between each other and make a final decision in order to improve the whole process. Reflection is third idea generation technique which concentrates on previous work when designers reconsider projects, schemes, plans or documents from where they can find a particular idea and develop it further. A fourth method is called socializing. It is about communicating with others about particular subject totally unrelated to the current work. Sketching similar to documenting reflects on drawing approximate scheme or plan of an idea. â€Å"In order to help individuals in the idea generation process, researchers have identified methods to stimulate creative thought, generate more ideas, and expand on the solution space.† Nowadays more and more organizations are using personality tests to evaluate their employees’ character, to find their motivations and goals, to understand their work techniques and creativity level also to discover their barriers which they need to improve in the future. Companies have started to use personality tests in the past five years so that they can find a potential employee’s strengths and weaknesses. If questions and answers are quite accurate and test is done properly it can help an employer to find more about person’s advantages and disadvantages. It is very important to know because one of the most important points is that most of personality tests help to recognize unqualified candidates. â€Å"Although experts warn that many personality assessments don’t deliver what they promise, legitimate scientifically validated tests are helping employers evaluate job candidates to select those best suited for particular positions. Other tests are designed to measure intelligence, honesty, management aptitude and other qualities.† Napoleon Hill stated ideas are the beginning points of all fortunes. When you have a great business idea it is not enough just have it somewhere in your brain, the second thing to do is to rea lize it in other words it is called idea feasibility. Same as this American author stated by having a successful idea you can open doors to new opportunities and attract fortune. The idea is like a new product which can be applied to a new business. The more successful the product is the better results it will give in the future. In this case creative thinking helps to discover new and useful ideas also it leads to new business opportunities. Realize your business idea is possible in many different ways. For instance, you can start networking with various potential business people from all over the world also you can organize a highly creative team and start working on a particular idea. Opportunities and ways are endless it is belong to you, your creativity level and idea success. The final step after idea feasibility is action planning. Once the idea is considered and discussed you need to think about the way how it will work and how long it will takes to you to achieve your aim. â€Å"Action planning is a process which will help you to focus your ideas and to decide what steps you need to take to achieve particular goals that you may have. It is a statement of what you want to achieve over a given period of time.† As every planning process it involves some of basic steps which I would like to identify in my further research. Before you start setting a plan you need to be self-motivated and innovative because our goals have to motivate us to achieve them, but not to be too difficult and unreal. Also, you have to think about all possible ways which can make you closer to your aim. Do not forget to think about barrier which you may meet during a working period and try to find solutions how to cope with them effectively. When you start working on your plan you need to identify the main objectives. The second step is to prioritize each task, what need to be done first and what after. Once the list is done, you have to start working and use your own initiat ive, some people prefer working individually others may like to work in a team, it is important to choose your preferable work technique then work will be done quicker. Also, one of the most important steps is to finish the work to a deadline. To sum up, effective planning gives us basic steps so that we would be able to reach our objectives and it helps us to realize our ideas. In this report I have considered the main topics of creativity and it process. I explained how creativity has been applied in business process and organizations. Which personal qualities make individuals be more creative and how they can apply these skills to realize business ideas or solve problems creatively. Which part personality tests take in a business companies and what is the main meaning of them, why employers use this technique when they want to select the right participant to take a place in the organization. As well as, I considered the main factors about idea feasibility and explained techniques which are essential to idea generation. I identified the basic steps of action planning also described them in more depth so that it would be more easy to understand and try it in practice. If you consider yourself being creative you have to start setting a plan how to realize your ideas and you may have considerable results in the future. Creativity is a substantial tool which lead people to find right decisions and solve problems using their own initiative or special methods which are unusual for those who are not creative. It helps to set new strategies and products that employers apply to business. â€Å"It is highly likely that your creativity has been diminished by social norms and life experience, but it can be fostered and revived. You may not even think you are creative, but that is not true. â€Å"Creativity is our birth right it is part of what makes us human.† List of References University of Kent (2010) Action Planning [online] available from < http://www.kent.ac.uk/careers/sk/skillsactionplanning.htm> [26 December 2010] The CBS Interactive Business Network (2002) Personality counts: Psychological tests can help peg the job applicants best suited for certain jobs – Cover Story [online] available from < http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3495/is_2_47/ai_83058907/> [27 December 2010] SCORE Counselors to America’s Small Business (2010) How to Incorporate Creativity into Your Business Practice [online] available from < http://www.score.org/article_how_to_creativity.html> [27 December 2010] The IEEE Computer Society (2008) Idea Generation Techniques among Creative Professionals [online] available from [28 December 2010]